Food systems and antimicrobial resistance: impacts on food safety, animal production and trade

Summary

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria originating from food-producing animals constitutes a significant challenge for food safety, public health, animal production and international trade. The acquisition of AMR genes by bacterial populations in both animals and humans obscures the inference of gene transfer directionality and complicates the assessment of selective pressures imposed by antimicrobial use.

Zoonotic food-borne pathogens, such as Salmonella species, are key agents in transmitting AMR directly to humans via food. These pathogens frequently exhibit multidrug resistance, and their prevalence in food indicates a substantial public health risk. The application of antimicrobials in livestock production for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion purposes is a recognised contributor to the emergence of resistance, although regulatory interventions have reduced these practices.

Commensal and animal-specific pathogenic bacteria contribute to the indirect transfer of AMR genes, potentially affecting both animal and human health. Animal-derived food is a major reservoir for AMR pathogens; further research on contamination of plant-based food with AMR bacteria is crucial to assess its impact.

Risk analysis of AMR is hindered by insufficient data, especially on AMR’s effects on animal health and production. Certain bacterial infections in animals have become more difficult to treat; however, untreatable infections are not yet widespread. The lack of international trade regulations regarding AMR bacteria in food complicates future policy creation and implementation.

Enhanced surveillance, comprehensive risk analysis and international collaboration are therefore essential to mitigate the risks associated with AMR in food. Addressing these challenges is critical to safeguard food safety and animal health and maintain the integrity of global trade.

Keywords

Animal pathogen – Animal production – Antimicrobial resistance – Food safety – Public health.