Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2021

Updated 20/10/2023

Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines
for Terrestrial Animals, twelfth edition 2023


	Foreword
	Introduction (How to use this Terrestrial Manual)
	Common abbreviations used in this Terrestrial Manual
	Glossary of terms (version adopted in May 2023)
	Contributors
Part 1	General Standards
Section 1.1.	Introductory chapters
Chapter 1.1.1.	Management of veterinary diagnostic laboratories (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 1.1.2.	Collection, submission and storage of diagnostic specimens (version adopted in May 2013)
Chapter 1.1.3.	Transport of biological materials (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 1.1.4.	Biosafety and biosecurity: Standard for managing biological risk in the veterinary laboratory and animal facilities (version adopted in May 2015)
Chapter 1.1.5.	Quality management in veterinary testing laboratories (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 1.1.6.	Validation of diagnostic assays for infectious diseases of terrestrial animals (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 1.1.7.	Standards for high throughput sequencing, bioinformatics and computational genomics (version adopted in May 2016)
Chapter 1.1.8.	Principles of veterinary vaccine production (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 1.1.9.	Tests for sterility and freedom from contamination of biological materials intended for veterinary use (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 1.1.10.	Vaccine banks (version adopted in May 2023)
Part 2	Specific Recommendations
Section 2.1.	Laboratory diagnostics
Chapter 2.1.1.	Laboratory methodologies for bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility testing (version adopted in May 2019)
Chapter 2.1.2.	Biotechnology advances in the diagnosis of infectious diseases (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 2.1.3.	Managing biorisk: examples of aligning risk management strategies with assessed biorisks (version adopted in May 2014)
Section 2.2.	Validation of diagnostic tests
	Introductory note on WOAH validation recommendations
Chapter 2.2.1.	Development and optimisation of antibody detection assays (version adopted in May 2014)
Chapter 2.2.2.	Development and optimisation of antigen detection assays (version adopted in May 2014)
Chapter 2.2.3.	Development and optimisation of nucleic acid detection assays (version adopted in May 2014)
Chapter 2.2.4.	Measurement uncertainty (version adopted in May 2014)
Chapter 2.2.5.	Statistical approaches to validation (version adopted in May 2014)
Chapter 2.2.6.	Selection and use of reference samples and panels (version adopted in May 2014)
Chapter 2.2.7.	Validation of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases applicable to wildlife (version adopted in May 2014)
Chapter 2.2.8.	Comparability of assays after changes in a validated test method (version adopted in May 2016)
Section 2.3.	Veterinary vaccines
	Introductory note on WOAH recommendations for veterinary vaccines/biologicals
Chapter 2.3.1.	The application of biotechnology to the development of veterinary vaccines (version adopted in May 2010)
Chapter 2.3.2.	The role of official bodies in the international regulation of veterinary biologicals (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 2.3.3.	Minimum requirements for the organisation and management of a vaccine manufacturing facility (version adopted in May 2016)
Chapter 2.3.4.	Minimum requirements for the production and quality control of vaccines (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 2.3.5.	Minimum requirements for aseptic production in vaccine manufacture (version adopted in May 2016)
Part 3	WOAH Listed Diseases and Other Diseases of Importance
Section 3.1.	Multiple species
Chapter 3.1.1.	Anthrax (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.1.2.	Aujeszky’s disease (infection with Aujeszky’s disease virus) (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.1.3.	Bluetongue (infection with bluetongue virus) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.1.4.	Brucellosis (infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis) (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.1.5.	Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.1.6.	Echinococcosis (infection with Echinococcus granulosus and with E. multilocularis) (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.1.7.	Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.1.8.	Foot and mouth disease (infection with foot and mouth disease virus) (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.1.9.	Heartwater (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.1.10.	Japanese encephalitis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.1.11.	Leishmaniosis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.1.12.	Leptospirosis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.1.13.	Mammalian tuberculosis (infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.1.14.	New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) and Old World screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana) (version adopted in May 2019)
Chapter 3.1.15.	Nipah and Hendra virus diseases (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.1.16.	Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.1.17.	Q fever (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.1.18.	Rabies (infection with rabies virus and other lyssaviruses) (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.1.19.	Rift Valley fever (infection with Rift Valley fever virus) (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.1.20.	Rinderpest (infection with rinderpest virus) (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.1.21.	Surra in all species (Trypanosoma evansi infection) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.1.22.	Trichinellosis (infection with Trichinella spp.) (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.1.23.	Tularemia (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.1.24.	Vesicular stomatitis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.1.25.	West Nile fever (version adopted in May 2018)
Section 3.2.	Apinae
	Introductory note on bee diseases (version adopted in May 2013)
Chapter 3.2.1.	Acarapisosis of honey bees (infestation of honey bees with Acarapis woodi) (version adopted in 2022)
Chapter 3.2.2.	American foulbrood of honey bees (infection of honey bees with Paenibacillus larvae) (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.2.3.	European foulbrood of honey bees (infection of honey bees with Melissococcus plutonius) (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.2.4.	Nosemosis of honey bees (version adopted in May 2013)
Chapter 3.2.5.	Infestation of honey bees with Aethina tumida (small hive beetle) (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.2.6.	Infestation of honey bees with Tropilaelaps spp. (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.2.7.	Varroosis of honey bees (infestation of honey bees with Varroa spp.) (version adopted in May 2021)
Section 3.3.	Aves
Chapter 3.3.1.	Avian chlamydiosis (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.3.2.	Avian infectious bronchitis (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.3.3.	Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.3.4.	Avian influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.3.5.	Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.3.6.	Avian tuberculosis (version adopted in May 2014)
Chapter 3.3.7.	Duck virus enteritis (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.3.8.	Duck virus hepatitis (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.3.9.	Fowl cholera (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.3.10.	Fowlpox (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.3.11.	Fowl typhoid and Pullorum disease (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.3.12.	Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) (version adopted in May 2016)
Chapter 3.3.13.	Marek’s disease (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.3.14.	Newcastle disease (infection with Newcastle disease virus) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.3.15.	Turkey rhinotracheitis (avian metapneumovirus infections) (version adopted in May 2022)
Section 3.4.	Bovinae
Chapter 3.4.1.	Bovine anaplasmosis (version adopted in May 2015)
Chapter 3.4.2.	Bovine babesiosis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.4.3.	Bovine cysticercosis
Chapter 3.4.4.	Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.4.5.	Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.4.6.	Bovine tuberculosis
Chapter 3.4.7.	Bovine viral diarrhoea (version adopted in May 2015)
Chapter 3.4.8.	Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (infection with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.4.9.	Enzootic bovine leukosis (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.4.10.	Haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurella multocida serotypes 6:b and 6:e) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.4.11.	Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.4.12.	Lumpy skin disease (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.4.13.	Malignant catarrhal fever (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.4.14.	Nagana: infections with salivarian trypanosomoses (excluding Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.4.15.	Theileriosis in cattle (infection with Theileria annulata, T. orientalis and T. parva) (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.4.16.	Trichomonosis (version adopted in May 2018)
Section 3.5.	Camelidae
Chapter 3.5.1.	Camelpox(version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.5.2.	Middle East respiratory syndrome (infection of dromedary camels with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) (version adopted in May 2021)
Section 3.6.	Equidae
Chapter 3.6.1.	African horse sickness (infection with African horse sickness virus) (version adopted in May 2019)
Chapter 3.6.2.	Contagious equine metritis (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.6.3.	Dourine in horses (Trypanosoma equiperdum infection) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.6.4.	Epizootic lymphangitis (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.6.5.	Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western and Venezuelan) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.6.6.	Equine infectious anaemia (version adopted in May 2019)
Chapter 3.6.7.	Equine influenza (infection with equine influenza virus) (version adopted in May 2019)
Chapter 3.6.8.	Equine piroplasmosis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.6.9.	Equine rhinopneumonitis (infection with equid herpesvirus-1 and -4) (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.6.10.	Equine viral arteritis (infection with equine arteritis virus) (version adopted in May 2013)
Chapter 3.6.11.	Glanders and melioidosis (version adopted in May 2018)
Section 3.7.	Leporidae
Chapter 3.7.1.	Myxomatosis (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.7.2.	Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (version adopted in May 2023)
Section 3.8.	Caprinae
Chapter 3.8.1.	Border disease (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.8.2	Caprine arthritis/encephalitis and Maedi-visna (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.8.3.	Contagious agalactia (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.8.4.	Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.8.5.	Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis) (infection with Chlamydia abortus) (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.8.6.	Nairobi sheep disease
Chapter 3.8.7.	Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis) (version adopted in May 2015)
Chapter 3.8.8.	Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (adenomatosis) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.8.9.	Peste des petits ruminants (infection with small ruminant morbillivirus) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.8.10.	Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis)
Chapter 3.8.11.	Scrapie (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.8.12.	Sheep pox and goat pox (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.8.13.	Theileriosis in sheep and goats (infection with Theileria lestoguardi, T. luwenshuni and T. uilenbergi) (version adopted in May 2022)
Section 3.9.	Suidae
Chapter 3.9.1.	African swine fever (infection with African swine fever virus) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.9.2.	Atrophic rhinitis of swine (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.9.3.	Classical swine fever (infection with classical swine fever virus) (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.9.4.	Nipah virus encephalitis
Chapter 3.9.5.	Porcine cysticercosis (infection with Taenia solium)
Chapter 3.9.6.	Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (infection with procine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.9.7.	Influenza A viruses of swine (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.9.8.	Swine vesicular disease (version adopted in May 2018)
Chapter 3.9.9.	Teschovirus encephalomyelitis (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.9.10.	Transmissible gastroenteritis (version adopted in May 2008)
Section 3.10.	Other diseases(1)
Chapter 3.10.1.	Bunyaviral diseases of animals (excluding Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever) (version adopted in May 2023)
Chapter 3.10.2.	Cryptosporidiosis (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.10.3.	Cysticercosis (including infection with Taenia solium) (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.10.4.	Infection with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.10.5.	Listeria monocytogenes (version adopted in May 2021)
Chapter 3.10.6.	Mange (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.10.7.	Salmonellosis (version adopted in May 2022)
Chapter 3.10.8.	Toxoplasmosis (version adopted in May 2017)
Chapter 3.10.9.	Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (version adopted in May 2008)
Chapter 3.10.10.	Zoonoses transmissible from non-human primates (version adopted in May 2021)


	(1)Diseases in this section that are marked with an asterisk are included in some individual species sections of the WOAH List, however these chapters of the Terrestrial Manual cover several species and therefore provide a more comprehensive description.