Newsletter

Mitigating Disease Transmission Risk at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface to Facilitate Safe Trade

Published on 23 January 2026

WOAH has launched the Guidelines Mitigating Disease Transmission Risk at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface to Facilitate Safe Trade, providing Veterinary Services with practical guidance to manage disease transmission risks where wildlife and livestock interact. The guidelines respond directly to Members’ needs to control transboundary animal diseases while maintaining continuity of safe national and international trade.

Why Did WOAH Develop These Guidelines?

Transboundary animal diseases (TADs), such as African swine fever (ASF), avian influenza (AI) and foot and mouth disease (FMD) continue to spread worldwide, with serious consequences for animal health, trade and livelihoods. In many countries where these diseases are endemic, infections can pass between wild and domestic animals, sustaining infection transmission cycles that are difficult to control because of the complex factors and risk pathways involved.

Importantly, for some diseases, WOAH standards allow the recognition of animal health status in effectively separated subpopulations and require that Members do not ban international livestock trade on the sole ground of disease occurrence in wildlife.

In this context, Members have requested WOAH guidance on managing risk at wildlife–livestock interface (WLI) for disease control purposes, while preserving the animal health status of domestic subpopulations for business continuity.

How Were the Guidelines Developed?

In 2024, WOAH launched a consultancy to develop technical guidelines addressing disease management at the wildlife–livestock interface.

The guidelines were authored by Prof. Christian Gortázar, Dr Joaquín Vicente and Dr Ursula Höfle from the Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha and the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain—an internationally recognised team with extensive expertise in this field.

In January 2025, the first draft underwent peer review by a WOAH ad hoc Group, which provided expert opinions and recommendations while ensuring that regional perspectives were considered. The WOAH Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (SCAD) also reviewed the draft to confirm scientific soundness and alignment with WOAH international standards. Additionally, the WOAH Working Group on Wildlife was consulted to ensure wildlife-related aspects were accurately addressed.

Following these reviews and revisions, the guidelines were officially published on the WOAH website in December 2025.

How Should the Guidelines Be Used?

The guidelines offer practical approaches for managing disease spillover risk between wildlife and livestock across a wide range of farming systems. They propose a structured methodology enabling Veterinary Services to manage WLI scenarios through customised risk mitigation programmes tailored to local conditions and needs.

Rather than offering prescriptive solutions, the guidelines present a flexible framework for addressing wildlife–livestock interfaces. Case studies and field examples illustrate how risk mitigation measures can be adapted to different epidemiological contexts.

Effective disease risk management must be tailored to local realities, taking into account geography, production systems, wildlife species and the target disease. All interventions should align with WOAH international standards and relevant national regulations.

Their effective use requires a solid background in veterinary sciences, particularly disease epidemiology, and benefits from knowledge of wildlife ecology. A clear understanding of the specific WLI scenario, farming practices and key risk pathways is essential for successful implementation.

WOAH encourages Members to make use of the guidelines to better implement the provisions outlined in the international standards and to share their experiences with the Organisation.